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Right?! Great comment!

Great question. There are different types of high explosives. Primary, secondary, and tertiary. Each level comes with reduced sensitivity to initiation by anything but a high energy shockwave. Some explosives transition from deflagration to detonation making them great initiators of high explosives. So yes, a limited subset of high explosives can be initiated by burning or deflagration. Another great example that we gave in the video is nitroglycerin, which is definitely a high explosive, but is so sensitive, it doesn’t require a shock wave to initiate decomposition. Great questions!

Shell of shells is a larger shell with smaller shells inside of it. When the larger shell explode, it disperses the smaller shells in a fashion similar to stars, followed by the smaller shells exploding.

Thanks, glad you enjoyed it!

Most fireworks are louder than gunshots, especially when speaking of professional fireworks.

Thanks for the kind words! Glad you enjoyed it.

Thanks!

Thanks for the kind words! The difference in weight is attributable to the effects in that particular shell. Is is a shell of shells? A pattern shell? A Peony? A ring? All of these, including the type of elemental salts used in a particular composition will play a role in the shell's weight.

Glad you enjoyed it, thanks for the sub!

Thanks!

It is inert (not real). It was just a model we put together with bright false colors to allow easy viewing of the individual components on camera. A real shell everything would be black since all the components would be covered or primed with black powder.

Didn’t say it was impossible, people certainly get their hands on the professional stuff, we’ve seen the videos you’re referring to, but that is still a minuscule fraction of the illegal fireworks being shot, most of it is still consumer grade. It’s the exception, not the rule.

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Will do!

Thanks! Same to you!

Great question. As mentioned in the video, the casing is cardboard, and yes, gravity brings the pieces back down to the ground after the firework explodes. This is one reason we have a "fallout" zone where people are not allowed to be during the show, other than the well protected crew. Following all of the safety checks after the show, the pyro crew cleans up the area, and in most cases the sponsor provides additional custodial services to pick up any remaining debris. So in a nutshell, yes the shell casing pieces come back down, but they do get cleaned up.

This is a great question! Although we can't say definitively since there is still an active debate on the dragon's egg phenomenon, these are likely metallic bi-products produced (which bi-products depend on the formula being used) during this complex reaction, either in solid or liquid form, burning or simply incandescing as they fly away from the point of explosion.

@@PyroInnovations Thank you, that makes sense ❤👍

Thanks, glad you enjoyed it!

Looks can be deceiving, especially when it is scaled against something it’s normally not, like a neighborhood. But, having said that, it is just a hard breaking 3” peony, they can pack a punch. Spoke to one of the investigators, who is a super knowledgeable pyro, and saw pictures, so can confirm it’s just a 3”.

Great question. This really depends on where you reside. If speaking about the US, there are only a handful of manufactures, I know of at least one in MO, and some on the East Coast. You won't find any in states like CA due to the regulatory environment. Most product used in 4th of July displays is ordered from overseas, same goes for all the colorfully packaged consumer fireworks you find at a local store/stand.

Yes it was!

Glad we could help!

@@PyroInnovations most definitely!! 🫶

Me too☺️

Same 😂😂at this point idk

That’s why I’m here, did I hear 3 gunshots or fireworks lol #milwaukeewisconin

Detroit is fun

​@@lovexoangelliterally. i get so paranoid..

Correct, excellent post! Too much to put in a short video, but definitely appreciate the additional detail in the comments! Well articulated, definitely worth a read, I’ll pin to the top.

It took me 10 seconds to google how hot is a candle flame and confirmed that fire is indeed 2000 degrees (rounded up from 1800 degrees)

Yes it is from 600 C at the wick up to 1400 C at the tip

Different parts of the came flame reach different temperatures, some of which are certainly up to and exceeding 2,000 F.

No

hahaha no this is just basic heat transfer.

You are correct in that the Leidenfrost effect certainly plays a role under these conditions, but is not the only effect. Thanks for the contribution!

​@@PyroInnovationswouldn't the leidenfreost effect not be a applicable to this discussion under the conditions described with the candel I may be wrong but my understanding of the leidenfrost effect is a liquid contacting a high heat surface and the liquid changing state violently enough to create a thermal barrier between said liquid and object? And the whole thing explained here was about heat transfer rate varying depending on the amount of heat put off through convection not just the temperature of it? Absolutely feel free to correct me as I a always happy to learn more

@@byronanderson9341 isn't there a barrier of liquid between the skin and the flame, sweat is made to keep the skin cool under the heat of the sun after all. Would it not be a stretch to say that that barrier of water on your skin could temporarily delay heat transfer? It may not be as direct as a drop of water floating on its own vapor in a pan, but it might be a smaller scale version of it. Once again though I could be totally wrong, and if a scientist wants to correct me I'd be delighted to learn

The "charge" provides the chemical reaction that causes a ton of hot gases to be generated very quickly, which causes the shell casing to fail violently in an explosion, the charge itself has a zero momentum before the explosion as well. The hot gases created during the chemical reaction, and the shell casing, as well as the other components play a role in the overall momentum of the system as they fly away from the point of the explosion. If the stars were asymmetrically placed in the shell, there would be an effect on the “pattern,” and may not turn out exactly as you would like, but it wouldn't take much offsetting or adjustment to achieve the desired effect with a well constructed shell. You have to look at the momentum of the entire system (shell casing, hot gases, etc), and will see that momentum is still conserved, as it is a physical law that can’t be circumvented.

@@PyroInnovations again - every individual star is propelled by these expanding gases - star goes one way - some gases go opposite way - momentum conserved.

Momentum must be conserved for the entire "closed" system, not just a single star vs. hot gas. You are explaining how momentum is conserved for a different "closed" system, one in which there only exists a star and the hot gas. As soon as you introduce even one more star, you must conserve momentum for that entire system. I think we agree, but conservation of momentum applies for everything within the inertial reference frame, so your argument just applies to a different system / reference frame that doesn't contain anything but a single star and some hot gas. Appreciate the passionate discussion!

@@PyroInnovations I'm explaining that 0:53 is misleading - momentum conserved not because "opposite stars", but because gases, and opposite stars has equal momentum magnitude because of symmetry of charge.

Again, we are saying the same thing, just different reference frames. Disagree that it is misleading being that we clearly mentioned that for simplicity we were ignoring other parts of the system and simplified it to a system only containing two stars. In this two star closed system, our example and math was 100% correct. We can add additional layers of complexity to include the hot gases, casing fragments, etc, but trying to keep it simple to provide a conceptual understanding of the phenomenon, not a detailed physics lecture. But again, happy to dive into detailed physics in the comments!

Glad we could help!

We aim to please!